There are at least two alternatives to scientific studies. One is to ignore the science and go straight for myth, magic and superstition. The other is to start with a scientific study and then twist it to suit your own purposes. This second appears regularly in the world of science and, unfortunately, is becoming more common.
Take the example of mercury amalgam fillings in teeth. In Britain and America a good proportion of the population has already got these ’silver’ fillings, and it would be reassuring for them to know that there were no problems associated with such a procedure, even though it means having mercury (a known poison) in your mouth, often for many years. A recent study, we are told, says exactly that: we have nothing to worry about.
Let’s look at this Study. It came out in 2006 and involved a group of 1,000 school children, over a period of 3 years. Hmm, pretty impressive. However, there are several things to note. One is that the age range was 7-10 years old. That tells us something about these children, but there is no way to predict their future health. We can’t be sure what will happen to them from the ages of, say, 17-20 or 27-30, and we certainly can’t work out from this study what is happening to 27 year olds right now. In my case, I’m a good deal older, and I want to know what effect the fillings are having on the 47-50 year olds, or even the 57-60 year olds. Trying to extrapolate from this one Study to that age group is silly but, amazingly, that is exactly what some writers have done. One, a columnist in the Guardian newspaper in London, has tried to assert that this study is ‘reassuring’ for all age groups.
Worse, though the Study was limited to a small geographical area, the writer tries to say that the results apply to all school children, everywhere. Would you believe that? Young people in China and Japan have a completely different health profile to those in Europe. Why, there are studies that show children in the South of England have a different experience to those in the North of England. This writer ignores that. The Study shows these children are healthy, he says, therefore all children will be healthy. No, that’s Bad Science.
There’s more. If this Study looked at the children’s health, you might imagine that when they met up with the scientists conducting the work, (every two months, as it happens), the man in (or woman) in the white coat would be writing down facts about the child’s health on their clipboard. If the child said they had headaches, or infections, or sleepless nights, the information would be noted, right? Not a bit of it. The Study was focussed on neurological development, which meant, basically, three tests: one, was the application of IQ tests on a regular basis; the second area involved brain scans, MRI’s and stuff like that; the third topic was reaction times – You’ve tried ‘Whack the Rat’? They do it on computers these days, but the principle is the same: a light comes on and you have to hit a button. If you do it quickly you’re fine, if you’re slow, there might be something wrong. Well, that’s all good and it tells us something, but it’s bad news for parents; some want to know if amalgam ’silver’ fillings are related to such childhood illnesses as asthma. The Study had nothing to say on that, because it didn’t look at it. If somebody said, ‘This report showed no link between amalgam fillings and the increase in asthma amongst young people’, it would be correct – but totally misleading. There is ‘no evidence’, in this case, because none was sought. Is there a link? We don’t know. We’re waiting for that study to be done.
There’s more. Think about kids aged 7 to 10. You’ve had them? Then what happens during those years? You’re right: their teeth fall out. The early ‘milk teeth’ are replaced by adult growth. Which means, unfortunately for the Study, that some of these children started the investigation with teeth that didn’t last. Those teeth might have had fillings in, but the teeth dropped out before the end of the 3 years. Worse, the new teeth that grew may or may not have required fillings during this period. Either way, very few of the children would have had fillings for all of the time scale; if a child defined as ‘with fillings’ only had them in for 3 months, 6 months, or a year of the study, that tells us nothing about the long-term effects of silver fillings. And, in particular, tells us nothing about an adult who’s had the same filling in their mouth for 20 or 30 years!
But there’s yet another problem. The Study set out to look at half the children having no fillings and half having some, (not many, as we see above), but even those with some, (and for a short period of time), weren’t found to be totally ‘healthy’, not completely! Even the journalist in the Guardian couldn’t claim that. He said that the differences between those with fillings and those without was ‘negligible’. Well, sorry, but my Dictionary defines negligible as ’some’, a small amount, admittedly, but some. It might be a very, very small amount, say a couple of percent, which is fine, if you are reassured that when you’re told that, say, ‘90% of people are unaffected’ it automatically means that you’ll be in that group! Okay, it might be more than that: it might be 95% or even 97%, but that still leaves a small number with problems, possibly, and the reason that’s important is that you can’t confuse percentages with absolute numbers. 3% of the population might sound like a small number, but in a country the size of Britain, that’s 2 million people! If even half or a quarter of those were ill at any one time, the whole health system would be stressed to the point of collapse. In Britain we often have 100,000 people going down with flu every winter. If there’s 200,000 it’s officially classified as an ‘epidemic’. Imagine ten times that amount of people reporting to their doctors, or trying to find advice from their local hospital or clinic, or knocking on the doors of their dentists. The system couldn’t cope.
Well, you might say, that’s a bureaucratic problem, not a scientific one. Maybe that’s why some of us might suspect that the so-call ’scientific’ evidence is being tampered with, or why public discussion is being stifled. Anyone who questions issues like mercury amalgam fillings is instantly labelled a ‘quack’ or some kind of Alternative Therapist. Such defensiveness is revealing, but unhelpful; it would be better if we could concentrate on the evidence and see what that has to tell us, without being misled by politicians, or journalists with an agenda. People who are, even know, using scientific studies for their own purposes.
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A publicly supported community college located in Jackson , Tennessee in United States , Jackson State Community College is operated under the auspices of the Tennessee Board of Regents. One of the largest community colleges in Regents System, the college offers both junior and senior courses.
Campus
Main campus of the college is at Jackson State . Branch campuses are located in Lexington in Henderson County , Tennessee and Savannah in Hardin County . A new branch was opened in Tennessee in 2007. Multiple clubs exists on the campus that is managed by the student community.
Programs Offered
University of Memphis offered upper level and graduate courses. From 2008 onwards the college is also offering junior and senior level courses as well as graduate program at Jackson State . It is the lead institution in conjunction with the University of Memphis and University of Tennessee at Martin. Jackson State Community College was established in 1965 catering to the requirements of lack of quality community colleges in Tennessee . Providing two years degree courses for aspirant students, the college provides a very good platform for migration to four year institution.
Unique Features
Degrees and certificates are offered in computer information, technology, business programs, and allied health programs. In addition the college also offers programs in fine arts and communication, education and physical science. One of the highlights of the college is its nursing program that makes students ready for the NCLEX-RN exams and includes enrollment criteria besides other admission policies.
Admission
No open admission policy is followed by the college. Hence the admission test scores and TOEFL scores are very important. Dual credits and advance placements are accepted admission credits. Details of the criteria and requirements for admission can be viewed on the college directory page of the state university website. Applications are accepted year round.
Accreditation
Jackson State Community College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is authorized to award associate degrees and certificates.
Student Support and Financial Aid
Jackson State Community College offers remedial services, academic and career counseling, PT cost defraying employment, on campus day care and library facilities among others as student support program. Various types of financial aids like federal, state, local, and institutional grants, scholarships, and student loans are also offered the details of which can be viewed on the state university website.
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A publicly supported community college located in Jackson , Tennessee in United States , Jackson State Community College is operated under the auspices of the Tennessee Board of Regents. One of the largest community colleges in Regents System, the college offers both junior and senior courses.
Campus
Main campus of the college is at Jackson State . Branch campuses are located in Lexington in Henderson County , Tennessee and Savannah in Hardin County . A new branch was opened in Tennessee in 2007. Multiple clubs exists on the campus that is managed by the student community.
Programs Offered
University of Memphis offered upper level and graduate courses. From 2008 onwards the college is also offering junior and senior level courses as well as graduate program at Jackson State . It is the lead institution in conjunction with the University of Memphis and University of Tennessee at Martin. Jackson State Community College was established in 1965 catering to the requirements of lack of quality community colleges in Tennessee . Providing two years degree courses for aspirant students, the college provides a very good platform for migration to four year institution.
Unique Features
Degrees and certificates are offered in computer information, technology, business programs, and allied health programs. In addition the college also offers programs in fine arts and communication, education and physical science. One of the highlights of the college is its nursing program that makes students ready for the NCLEX-RN exams and includes enrollment criteria besides other admission policies.
Admission
No open admission policy is followed by the college. Hence the admission test scores and TOEFL scores are very important. Dual credits and advance placements are accepted admission credits. Details of the criteria and requirements for admission can be viewed on the college directory page of the state university website. Applications are accepted year round.
Accreditation
Jackson State Community College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is authorized to award associate degrees and certificates.
Student Support and Financial Aid
Jackson State Community College offers remedial services, academic and career counseling, PT cost defraying employment, on campus day care and library facilities among others as student support program. Various types of financial aids like federal, state, local, and institutional grants, scholarships, and student loans are also offered the details of which can be viewed on the state university website.
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I guess you’d be pretty interested to find out how the best cream for under eye dark circles can help you to look younger, and also at the same time rejuvenate your complexion making it smoother softer and more vibrant.
It sounds like a big ask, but it is very possible to get these great results today, by using the best natural ingredients now being included in top quality anti aging, anti wrinkle face creams.
It’s important to understand you can gain far more benefits and get way better results if you use special substances that are blended together in an eye contour serum. Simply applying even a good quality moisturizer or antiaging face cream will not get the job done effectively.
There are a couple of great ingredients that do a fantastic job at reducing dark circles and sagging puffy bags under your eyes, which we will look at in a little more detail.
The first is Halyoxl™ — which targets the accumulation of hemoglobin and other waste products that cause dark shadows and bags. Clinical studies have shown it can help to reduce under-eye dark circles by more than 60%.
The second is Eyeliss™ — it specifically targets the main cause of under eye bags and puffiness, which is a build-up of fluid beneath your skin.
It uses advanced peptide technology to help decrease capillary permeability thereby improving the lymphatic circulation under the eyes.
Dark circles can typically disappear within four to eight weeks from when you start applying the eye contour serum.
The best face cream for under eye dark circles must also include ingredients to target the 3 main causes of aging the delicate skin tissue around and under your eyes.
The reduction in collagen, elastin and keratin protein cells being produced (approx 40% less by age 50), reduced hyaluronic acid and oxidative stress caused by oxidation, all contribute to your skins degradation and the formation of fine lines and wrinkles.
I won’t go into detail in this short article, but ingredients like CynergyTK™ with Functional Keratin™, Nano-Lipobelle H EQ10 a special ‘nano-emulsion’ kind of CoenzymeQ10 and Homeo Age™ can boost your essential protein levels, hyaluronic acid and fight oxidation.
If you want to learn and understand more about these great ingredients that can help rejuvenate the skin under and around your eyes, visit my website below.
Discover the best natural skin care creams available today.
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One of the leading institutions providing associate degrees the Durham Technical Community College prepares the students for the transfer to four-year colleges or universities.
Accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the SACS or Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the Durham Technical Community College has a couple of campuses as well as learning centers in Durham in the North Carolina Area.
What it Offers?
• Associate degrees for the students like the Associate in arts or AA as well as the Associate in science or AS program are offered by the institute.
• Continuing education, corporate education, and adult education for the students.
• Distant education and distant learning programs for the students.
• Enhancement of personal development programs.
• Corporate education program includes special seminars that are meant for developing or new business.
• Adult education programs are geared for improving basic literacy skills or for completion of the high school education at advanced age.
Course Structure
A 2-years program, AA degree emphasizes in the major areas of studies such as English, Psychology, Foreign languages, Philosophy, fine arts, history, and sociology. AS degree emphasizes all types of science disciplines such as biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics, an engineering, and physics and is also a two years program.
Distance Learning Program
Designed for the students looking for flexible learning environment for those seeking academic degrees or certificates online, the institution provides for distant learning system. Major online programs that are offered includes –
• Associate of arts degree.
• Clinical trials research Associate Certificate.
• Level II certificate.
• Occupational Safety Certificate.
• Optical Apprentice Certificate.
Online instruction as well as campus course works is the major characteristics of distant learning. Earning the Associate in General Education or AGE as well as the Associate in Science Degree certificates is also another avenue for the aspirant students.
Eligibility Criteria
Open to all students, the college helps aspirant students for furthering their education provided they have graduated with diploma from some secondary schools or equivalent. Quite a wide range of students coming from divergent streams are eligible for admission. High school graduates, students who have transferred from other institutes, students of continuous education, or the continuing education students those are working professionals, are all eligible for taking training in the college.
Admission
Application online or directly in the institute can be submitted for admission. Enclosures of all transcripts of the academic career graph should accompany such application. Coming through an advisor will the route for the international students.
Financial Aid
Providing a variety of financial aids like scholarships, work-study programs, as well as grants the institute helps needy students on the basis of the credit hours and the programs of study undertaken. Website of the institute provides all information on the FAFSA or the Free Application for Federal Student Aid and all other types of financial aids available.
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